TI CONSIGLIO DI FARE BACKUP DELL'HDD TUTTI I GIORNI FIDATI

Facciamo uno sforzo e superiamo le disattenzioni di Starfighter per chiarire altre cosette.

Starfighter ha dichiarato ...

' Senti ho 40 anni e ho consumato cannabis da quando ho 14 anni ....'' .
---------------------------

In relazione a quanto sopra, uno dei capi della ricerca, riportata trionfalmente da Starfighter , cosa ci dice ? 

'.. Terrie Moffit, professor of psychiatry at King’s College London, commented to the BBC: 

“It is such a special study that I’m fairly confident that cannabis is safe for over-18 brains, but risky for under-18 brains.”. 
------------------
Prendiamola per buona; per cui la conclusione a cui si arriva é: dal momento che Starfighter l'ha assunta prima del 18 anno di età, ha evidentemente corso dei rischi i cui effetti si commentano da soli .

Riporto un mio precedente parere aggiornandolo ad oggi...

l fatto che Starfighter riporti ampia documentazione critica sui tentativi di 
' ..minimizzazione del problema delle droghe e favorevole alla loro liberalizzazione.' 
e 
documentazione sugli effetti nulli delle stesse , 

ritengo la cosa ... pleonastica in quanto , nel leggere i commenti estemporanei dello stesso , al di là di qualsiasi studio scientifico o no, come si possono negare gli effetti deleteri sui neuroni da parte dell'erba magica ?

Infine, il fatto che esistano studi più recenti , perché dovrebbero essere più credibili rispetto a quelli precedenti ?

UEI SERVO4531 INFAME4531 PRESENTATI CON STUDI DEL 2015 SULLA RIDUZIONE DELLA MASSA CEREBRALE SE NO SEI UN COGLIONE PER LO PIU GIA NEL 2013 AD HARVARD SI PUBBLICAVANO DEGLI STUDI CHE SMENTISOCONO IL TUO

This research confirms the findings of the reputable Harvard University from 2013: cannabis use does not have any impact on the size of the brain.

QUI SOTTO TI COPIO 2 STUDI DEL 2015 CON AUTORI E TUTTO SE NON SAI CON COSA RISPONDERE VATTENE AFFAREINCULO TU E LA TUA FAMIGLIA DI MERDA FIGLIO DI PUTTANA,TU STUDI DEL 2015 SULLA RIDUZIONE DELLA MASSA CEREBRALE NON NE HAI NEANCHE UNO,QUINDI AMMMETTI LA SCONFITTA VENDITORE DI PENTOLE USATE E NON GIRARE LA FRITTATA,TESTIMONE DI GEOVA,SCAFISTA DI MERDA,LURIDO INFAME DI MERDA,FAI FARE LA SCANSIONE 3D A TUTTA LA TUA FAMIGLIA DI MERDA


SEGUONO 2 STUDI DEL 2015 CHE SMENTISCONO COMPLETAMENTE LE TUE PUTTANATE SULLA RIDUZIONE DELLA MASSA CEREBRALE,CONTINUA A SPAMMARE FIGLIO DI PUTTANA,OCCUPA TUTTI I POST MIRACCOMANDO,SPERO CHE TU FACCIA UNA BRUTTA MORTE COME LA TUA AMICA COMPLOTTISTA ANNE BLOOD,SE NEL TUO STUDIO C'ERA LEI C'E' PROPRIO DA FIDARSI

SE NON SAI CON CHE STUDI RISPONDERE NON GIRARE LA FRITTATA PERCHE NON RISPONDERO'PIU,VEDRAI LE CONSEGUENZE DAL VIVO INFAME DI MERDA

--------------------------------------------------
Daily Marijuana Use Is Not Associated with Brain Morphometric Measures in Adolescents or Adults

Barbara J. Weiland1, Rachel E. Thayer1, Brendan E. Depue2, Amithrupa Sabbineni1, Angela D. Bryan1, and Kent E. Hutchison1

+
Show Affiliations

Author contributions: K.E.H. designed research; K.E.H. performed research; B.J.W., R.E.T., B.E.D., A.S., A.D.B., and K.E.H. analyzed data; B.J.W., R.E.T., A.D.B., and K.E.H. wrote the paper.

The Journal of Neuroscience, 28 January 2015, 35(4): 1505-1512; doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2946-14.2015


Abstract

Recent research has suggested that marijuana use is associated with volumetric and shape differences in subcortical structures, including the nucleus accumbens and amygdala, in a dose-dependent fashion. Replication of such results in well controlled studies is essential to clarify the effects of marijuana. To that end, this retrospective study examined brain morphology in a sample of adult daily marijuana users (n = 29) versus nonusers (n = 29) and a sample of adolescent daily users (n = 50) versus nonusers (n = 50). Groups were matched on a critical confounding variable, alcohol use, to a far greater degree than in previously published studies. We acquired high-resolution MRI scans, and investigated group differences in gray matter using voxel-based morphometry, surface-based morphometry, and shape analysis in structures suggested to be associated with marijuana use, as follows: the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, hippocampus, and cerebellum. No statistically significant differences were found between daily users and nonusers on volume or shape in the regions of interest. Effect sizes suggest that the failure to find differences was not due to a lack of statistical power, but rather was due to the lack of even a modest effect. In sum, the results indicate that, when carefully controlling for alcohol use, gender, age, and other variables, there is no association between marijuana use and standard volumetric or shape measurements of subcortical structures.

Introduction

The United States has seen changing trends concerning the acceptance of marijuana. As of 2013, 20 states had either decriminalized marijuana or legalized medical use. Colorado, Washington, Oregon, and Alaska have now legalized its recreational use. Concurrently, the popular press has shown significant interest in scientific studies on the effects of marijuana use. Two widely featured studies include one suggesting that regular marijuana use decreases IQ [Meier et al., 2012 (which has been challenged for not accounting for a confounding effect of socioeconomic status); Rogeberg, 2013], and another suggesting that “recreational use” causes brain abnormalities (Gilman et al., 2014).

To be sure, these two studies do not stand alone. Other studies of the relationship between marijuana use and brain morphology have found equivocal results (Lisdahl et al., 2014; Lorenzetti et al., 2014). Marijuana use has been associated with both increased (Cousijn et al., 2012) and decreased (Yücel et al., 2008; Demirakca et al., 2011; Solowij et al., 2011) volumes of subcortical structures, or both (Battistella et al., 2014). Importantly, these studies were not designed to determine causality (i.e., that marijuana use causes morphological changes), which would require a longitudinal design to establish temporal precedence.

Finally, many studies did not adequately exclude the effects of confounding variables. Several reports included marijuana groups that differed from control groups in alcohol use/abuse (Demirakca et al., 2011; Solowij et al., 2011; Schacht et al., 2012; Gilman et al., 2014). Unlike marijuana, alcohol abuse has been unequivocally associated with deleterious effects on brain morphology and cognition in both adults (Sullivan, 2007; Harper, 2009) and adolescents (Nagel et al., 2005; Medina et al., 2008; Squeglia et al., 2012). Statistically controlling for comorbid alcohol abuse, as many studies do, is not an ideal strategy, especially in small groups or under conditions where covariates may interact with the independent variable (Miller and Chapman, 2001). Thus, it is possible that alcohol use, or other factors, may explain some of the contradictory findings to date.

Given the interest in the risks associated with marijuana use among the general public and policy makers, replication of reports that marijuana use is associated with morphological changes in the brain is essential. To that end, we retrospectively examined brain morphology in a sample of adult daily marijuana users (n = 29) versus nonusing control subjects (n = 29), using techniques identical to those used in the study by Gilman et al. (2014). We examined the same variables in adolescent daily users (n = 50) versus nonusers (n = 50). Importantly, there were two differences in our analytic approach. Because the previous study suggested an exposure-dependent effect (Gilman et al., 2014), we compared daily users to nonusers. Evaluating the extremes should provide greater statistical power (McClelland, 1997). Furthermore, groups were matched on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), whereas groups differed on AUDIT scores in the original article. We evaluated the following structures that were the focus of recent studies of marijuana: the bilateral nucleus accumbens and amygdala (Gilman et al., 2014); hippocampus (Demirakca et al., 2011; Schacht et al., 2012); and cerebellum (Solowij et al., 2011; Cousijn et al., 2012).
Previous Section
Next Section
Materials and Methods
Adult participants and measures.

Adult participants (N = 503) were recruited from the greater Albuquerque, NM, or Boulder/Denver, CO, metropolitan regions through advertisements for studies on alcohol/substance use. Exclusionary criteria and study details have been specified in previous publications (Filbey et al., 2008; Claus et al., 2011). Written informed consent, approved by the University of New Mexico Human Research Committee, was obtained from all participants.

Participants completed the Time Line Follow Back (TLFB) to assess quantity and frequency of substance use for the past 60 d (Sobell and Sobell, 1992), the AUDIT to assess hazardous drinking/dependence (Saunders et al., 1993), the Impulsive Sensation-Seeking Scale (IMPSS) of the Zuckerman–Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire (Zuckerman et al., 1993), the Beck Depression Inventory (Beck et al., 1961), and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (Beck et al., 1988).

Based on the TLFB data, a subset of subjects was identified as daily marijuana users (n = 29, 16 male and 13 female). From the remaining subjects, age, gender, and AUDIT scores were used to create a matched control group reporting no marijuana use in the past 60 d.
Adolescent participants and measures.

Adolescent participants (N = 262) were recruited through juvenile justice services in Albuquerque as part of a larger study on adolescent risk behavior (Magnan et al., 2013). All eligible participants were assented, and parental or legal guardian consent was obtained before participation; the University of New Mexico Human Research Committee approved all study procedures. Exclusionary criteria were the use of psychotropic medications or diagnosis of a psychiatric disorder other than attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Adolescents were identified based on the frequency of their marijuana use during the past 3 months (White and Labouvie, 1989) as daily users (n = 50, 41 male and 9 female) or as part of a matched group of nonusers (n = 50, 36 male and 14 female). Additional measures for quantity and frequency of alcohol use and cigarette smoking were obtained from the assessment of the past 3 months (White and Labouvie, 1989). Adolescents also completed the AUDIT and IMPSS as well as the Children's Depression Inventory (Kovacs, 1992).
Anatomical image acquisition.

Both neuroimaging sites have 3 T Siemens Trio scanners with 12-channel radio frequency coils. High-resolution T1-weighted structural images were acquired using the same 5-echo multi-echo MPRAGE sequence, as follows: TE = 1.64, 3.5, 5.36, 7.22, and 9.08 ms; TR = 2.53 s; TI = 1.2 s; flip angle = 7°; excitations = 1; slice thickness = 1 mm; field of view = 256 mm; resolution = 256 × 256 × 176; voxel size 1 × 1 × 1 mm; pixel bandwidth = 650 Hz.
Voxel-based morphometry volumetric/density analysis.

Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analyses were performed using the FSLVBM analysis pipeline in FSL (version 5.0.1) (http://fsl.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl/fslwiki/FSLVBM) following standard automated processing (Ashburner and Friston, 2000; Good et al., 2001), as in other publications (Depue et al., 2014; Gilman et al., 2014). Briefly, images were brain extracted and normalized to Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) standard space. Resulting images were averaged to create a study-specific template, to which native gray matter (GM) images were reregistered and modulated. The modulated segmented images were smoothed with an isotropic Gaussian kernel with a ? of 3, yielding a full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of 6.9 mm. The resulting subject-specific GM probability maps were input into a general linear model (GLM) to test for group differences between nonusers and daily marijuana users, controlling for intracranial volume (ICV). Two separate GLM analyses were performed to assess the following: (1) whole-brain GM volume/density; and (2) partial volume region of interest (ROI) using the bilateral nucleus accumbens, amygdala, hippocampi, and the cerebellum. Separate masks for each of these seven ROIs were created from the Harvard-Oxford Sub-Cortical Atlas. Multiple-comparison correction used voxelwise thresholding applied using the FSL Randomize permutation-based non-parametric testing with 5000 Monte Carlo simulations. Clusterwise extent correction using the FSL built-in cluster-based thresholding technique was applied with a threshold of t 2.3.

In addition, we extracted the volume for each of the ROIs; these values were entered into a multivariate GLM (SPSS version 21) to test for group differences, controlling for ICV.
FreeSurfer surface-based morphometry volumetric analysis.

Surface-based morphometry (SBM) analyses used FreeSurfer version 5.1 (https://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/) to perform cortical reconstruction and volumetric segmentation were similar to previous work (Gilman et al., 2014; Weiland et al., 2014). Briefly, these methods included motion correction, Talairach transformation, and segmentation and parcellation of cortical and subcortical structures (Dale et al., 1999; Fischl et al., 2004). The resulting subject-specific volume maps were input into GLM analyses to perform whole-brain analyses testing for group differences between nonusers and daily marijuana users, controlling for ICV. To correct for multiple comparisons, p-maps were thresholded to yield an expected false discovery rate of 5% (Genovese et al., 2002). Next, ROI analyses used FreeSurfer output data for bilateral nucleus accumbens, amygdala, hippocampi, and cerebellum. These volumes were entered into a GLM to test for group differences while controlling for ICV.

Finally, FreeSurfer outputs volumetric data for 35 cortical structures per hemisphere, as well as right and left thalamus, pallidum, and the a priori structures tested in the ROI analyses (i.e., nucleus accumbens, amygdala, hippocampus, and cerebellum). Volumes of all 82 structures were entered into a multivariate GLM to test for the group effect on any structure with ICV as a covariate.
FIRST shape analysis.

Shape analyses were performed using the FSL (version 5.0.1) FIRST toolbox, as in other studies (Depue and Banich, 2012; Depue et al., 2014; Gilman et al., 2014). Briefly, shape models in FIRST are constructed from a library of manually segmented images. FIRST searches for the most probable shape instance given the observed intensities from input images. Segmentation was performed with two-stage transformation to MNI space (Woolrich et al., 2009) with boundary voxels thresholded at 6.9 mm FWHM for bilateral nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and hippocampi (FIRST does not currently provide a shape model for the cerebellum). Permutation testing used FSL Randomize with 5000 Monte Carlo simulations to test for group differences in shape, correcting for multiple vertex comparisons. Clusterwise extent correction was applied, with a threshold of F 3.0.
Evaluation of effect sizes from recently published papers.

Finally, we sought to compare our study to other recent studies in the literature. We evaluated the articles listed in the recent review by Lorenzetti et al. (2014) and, where volumetric means were available, calculated effect sizes as Cohen's d (Cohen, 1988) for the accumbens, amygdala, hippocampus, and cerebellum.
Previous Section
Next Section

Results
Participants

Nonusers and daily marijuana users were nearly identical in terms of age and AUDIT scores, with no significant differences on other measures of comorbid alcohol and tobacco use, depression, anxiety, impulsivity, sensation


--------------------------------------------------
SECONDO STUDIO 2015


Shared Predisposition in the Association Between Cannabis Use and Subcortical Brain Structure


David Pagliaccio, PhD1; Deanna M. Barch, PhD2,3,4; Ryan Bogdan, PhD3; Phillip K. Wood, PhD5; Michael T. Lynskey, PhD6; Andrew C. Heath, DPhil2; Arpana Agrawal, PhD2
[-] Author Affiliations
1The Program in Neuroscience, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
2Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
3Department of Psychology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
4Department of Radiology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
5Department of PsychologicalSciences, University of Missouri, Columbia
6Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Addictions, King’s College London, London, England
JAMA Psychiatry. Published online August 26, 2015. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.1054




Importance Prior neuroimaging studies have suggested that alterations in brain structure may be a consequence of cannabis use. Siblings discordant for cannabis use offer an opportunity to use cross-sectional data to disentangle such causal hypotheses from shared effects of genetics and familial environment on brain structure and cannabis use.

Objectives To determine whether cannabis use is associated with differences in brain structure in a large sample of twins/siblings and to examine sibling pairs discordant for cannabis use to separate potential causal and predispositional factors linking lifetime cannabis exposure to volumetric alterations.

Design, Setting, and Participants Cross-sectional diagnostic interview, behavioral, and neuroimaging data were collected from community sampling and established family registries from August 2012 to September 2014. This study included data from 483 participants (22-35 years old) enrolled in the ongoing Human Connectome Project, with 262 participants reporting cannabis exposure (ie, ever used cannabis in their lifetime).

Main Outcomes and Measures Cannabis exposure was measured with the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism. Whole-brain, hippocampus, amygdala, ventral striatum, and orbitofrontal cortex volumes were related to lifetime cannabis use (ever used, age at onset, and frequency of use) using linear regressions. Genetic (?g) and environmental (?e) correlations between cannabis use and brain volumes were estimated. Linear mixed models were used to examine volume differences in sex-matched concordant unexposed (n?=?71 pairs), exposed (n?=?81 pairs), or exposure discordant (n?=?89 pairs) sibling pairs.

Results Among 483 study participants, cannabis exposure was related to smaller left amygdala (approximately 2.3%; P?=?.007) and right ventral striatum (approximately 3.5%; P?

. intanto, faccio i miei complimenti a Starfighter : evidentemente in un momento di astinenza da vaporizzatori e acculturazione di erbe magiche , é riuscito a togliere il blocco maiuscole.

Questo però non é gli é stato sufficiente per comprendere appieno la provenienza universitaria degli autori dello studio da me riportato che ancora una volta evidenzio .

Jodi M. Gilman,1,4,5 John K. Kuster,1,2* Sang Lee,1,6* Myung Joo Lee,1,6* Byoung Woo Kim,1,6 Nikos Makris,3,5 Andre van der Kouwe,4,5 Anne J. Blood,1,2,4,5† and Hans C. Breiter1,2,4,6†?

1Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, 2Mood and Motor Control Laboratory, 3Center for Morphometric Analysis, Department of Psychiatry, and 4Athinoula A. Martinos Center in Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129,
5 Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,
and 6Warren Wright Adolescent Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 06011

I ricercatori, che appartengo alla Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts , sono contrassegnati con il nr. 5 e quindi oltre, purtroppo alla defunta Anne J. Blood citata, vanno ascritti anche anche Jodi M. Gilman , Nikos Makris e Andre van der Kouwe. Il gruppo di studio vanta ricercatori di altre università e ospedali che non possono che aumentare, per sinergia, la credibilità della loro pubblicazione.

Ma queste sono solo ... quisquilie .

?Facciamo uno sforzo e superiamo le disattenzioni di Starfighter per chiarire altre cosette.

Starfighter ha dichiarato ...

' Senti ho 40 anni e ho consumato cannabis da quando ho 14 anni ....'' .
---------------------------

In relazione a quanto sopra, uno dei capi della ricerca, riportata trionfalmente da Starfighter , cosa ci dice ?

'.. Terrie Moffit, professor of psychiatry at King’s College London, commented to the BBC:

“It is such a special study that I’m fairly confident that cannabis is safe for over-18 brains, but risky for under-18 brains.”.
------------------
Prendiamola per buona; per cui la conclusione a cui si arriva é: dal momento che Starfighter l'ha assunta prima del 18 anno di età, ha evidentemente corso dei rischi i cui effetti si commentano da soli .

Riporto un mio precedente parere aggiornandolo ad oggi...

l fatto che Starfighter riporti ampia documentazione critica sui tentativi di
' ..minimizzazione del problema delle droghe e favorevole alla loro liberalizzazione.'
e
documentazione sugli effetti nulli delle stesse ,

ritengo la cosa ... pleonastica in quanto , nel leggere i commenti estemporanei dello stesso , al di là di qualsiasi studio scientifico o no, come si possono negare gli effetti deleteri sui neuroni da parte dell'erba magica ?

in risposta al tuo studio spazzatura postato qui sotto ne ho 2 del 2015 che dicono l'esatto opposto,in piu non e' fatto ad Harvard come sostenevi ma solo supportato e condiviso anche da un ricercatore di Harvard morto nel 89,ti copio fonti e autori cosi sei contento deficente

was supported by a Harvard Medical School Norman E. Zinberg Fellowship in Addiction Psychiatry Research.



Daily Marijuana Use Is Not Associated with Brain Morphometric Measures in Adolescents or Adults

Barbara J. Weiland1, Rachel E. Thayer1, Brendan E. Depue2, Amithrupa Sabbineni1, Angela D. Bryan1, and Kent E. Hutchison1

+
Show Affiliations

Author contributions: K.E.H. designed research; K.E.H. performed research; B.J.W., R.E.T., B.E.D., A.S., A.D.B., and K.E.H. analyzed data; B.J.W., R.E.T., A.D.B., and K.E.H. wrote the paper.

The Journal of Neuroscience, 28 January 2015, 35(4): 1505-1512; doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2946-14.2015


Abstract

Recent research has suggested that marijuana use is associated with volumetric and shape differences in subcortical structures, including the nucleus accumbens and amygdala, in a dose-dependent fashion. Replication of such results in well controlled studies is essential to clarify the effects of marijuana. To that end, this retrospective study examined brain morphology in a sample of adult daily marijuana users (n = 29) versus nonusers (n = 29) and a sample of adolescent daily users (n = 50) versus nonusers (n = 50). Groups were matched on a critical confounding variable, alcohol use, to a far greater degree than in previously published studies. We acquired high-resolution MRI scans, and investigated group differences in gray matter using voxel-based morphometry, surface-based morphometry, and shape analysis in structures suggested to be associated with marijuana use, as follows: the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, hippocampus, and cerebellum. No statistically significant differences were found between daily users and nonusers on volume or shape in the regions of interest. Effect sizes suggest that the failure to find differences was not due to a lack of statistical power, but rather was due to the lack of even a modest effect. In sum, the results indicate that, when carefully controlling for alcohol use, gender, age, and other variables, there is no association between marijuana use and standard volumetric or shape measurements of subcortical structures.

Introduction

The United States has seen changing trends concerning the acceptance of marijuana. As of 2013, 20 states had either decriminalized marijuana or legalized medical use. Colorado, Washington, Oregon, and Alaska have now legalized its recreational use. Concurrently, the popular press has shown significant interest in scientific studies on the effects of marijuana use. Two widely featured studies include one suggesting that regular marijuana use decreases IQ [Meier et al., 2012 (which has been challenged for not accounting for a confounding effect of socioeconomic status); Rogeberg, 2013], and another suggesting that “recreational use” causes brain abnormalities (Gilman et al., 2014).

To be sure, these two studies do not stand alone. Other studies of the relationship between marijuana use and brain morphology have found equivocal results (Lisdahl et al., 2014; Lorenzetti et al., 2014). Marijuana use has been associated with both increased (Cousijn et al., 2012) and decreased (Yücel et al., 2008; Demirakca et al., 2011; Solowij et al., 2011) volumes of subcortical structures, or both (Battistella et al., 2014). Importantly, these studies were not designed to determine causality (i.e., that marijuana use causes morphological changes), which would require a longitudinal design to establish temporal precedence.

Finally, many studies did not adequately exclude the effects of confounding variables. Several reports included marijuana groups that differed from control groups in alcohol use/abuse (Demirakca et al., 2011; Solowij et al., 2011; Schacht et al., 2012; Gilman et al., 2014). Unlike marijuana, alcohol abuse has been unequivocally associated with deleterious effects on brain morphology and cognition in both adults (Sullivan, 2007; Harper, 2009) and adolescents (Nagel et al., 2005; Medina et al., 2008; Squeglia et al., 2012). Statistically controlling for comorbid alcohol abuse, as many studies do, is not an ideal strategy, especially in small groups or under conditions where covariates may interact with the independent variable (Miller and Chapman, 2001). Thus, it is possible that alcohol use, or other factors, may explain some of the contradictory findings to date.

Given the interest in the risks associated with marijuana use among the general public and policy makers, replication of reports that marijuana use is associated with morphological changes in the brain is essential. To that end, we retrospectively examined brain morphology in a sample of adult daily marijuana users (n = 29) versus nonusing control subjects (n = 29), using techniques identical to those used in the study by Gilman et al. (2014). We examined the same variables in adolescent daily users (n = 50) versus nonusers (n = 50). Importantly, there were two differences in our analytic approach. Because the previous study suggested an exposure-dependent effect (Gilman et al., 2014), we compared daily users to nonusers. Evaluating the extremes should provide greater statistical power (McClelland, 1997). Furthermore, groups were matched on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), whereas groups differed on AUDIT scores in the original article. We evaluated the following structures that were the focus of recent studies of marijuana: the bilateral nucleus accumbens and amygdala (Gilman et al., 2014); hippocampus (Demirakca et al., 2011; Schacht et al., 2012); and cerebellum (Solowij et al., 2011; Cousijn et al., 2012).
Previous Section
Next Section
Materials and Methods
Adult participants and measures.

Adult participants (N = 503) were recruited from the greater Albuquerque, NM, or Boulder/Denver, CO, metropolitan regions through advertisements for studies on alcohol/substance use. Exclusionary criteria and study details have been specified in previous publications (Filbey et al., 2008; Claus et al., 2011). Written informed consent, approved by the University of New Mexico Human Research Committee, was obtained from all participants.

Participants completed the Time Line Follow Back (TLFB) to assess quantity and frequency of substance use for the past 60 d (Sobell and Sobell, 1992), the AUDIT to assess hazardous drinking/dependence (Saunders et al., 1993), the Impulsive Sensation-Seeking Scale (IMPSS) of the Zuckerman–Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire (Zuckerman et al., 1993), the Beck Depression Inventory (Beck et al., 1961), and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (Beck et al., 1988).

Based on the TLFB data, a subset of subjects was identified as daily marijuana users (n = 29, 16 male and 13 female). From the remaining subjects, age, gender, and AUDIT scores were used to create a matched control group reporting no marijuana use in the past 60 d.
Adolescent participants and measures.

Adolescent participants (N = 262) were recruited through juvenile justice services in Albuquerque as part of a larger study on adolescent risk behavior (Magnan et al., 2013). All eligible participants were assented, and parental or legal guardian consent was obtained before participation; the University of New Mexico Human Research Committee approved all study procedures. Exclusionary criteria were the use of psychotropic medications or diagnosis of a psychiatric disorder other than attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Adolescents were identified based on the frequency of their marijuana use during the past 3 months (White and Labouvie, 1989) as daily users (n = 50, 41 male and 9 female) or as part of a matched group of nonusers (n = 50, 36 male and 14 female). Additional measures for quantity and frequency of alcohol use and cigarette smoking were obtained from the assessment of the past 3 months (White and Labouvie, 1989). Adolescents also completed the AUDIT and IMPSS as well as the Children's Depression Inventory (Kovacs, 1992).
Anatomical image acquisition.

Both neuroimaging sites have 3 T Siemens Trio scanners with 12-channel radio frequency coils. High-resolution T1-weighted structural images were acquired using the same 5-echo multi-echo MPRAGE sequence, as follows: TE = 1.64, 3.5, 5.36, 7.22, and 9.08 ms; TR = 2.53 s; TI = 1.2 s; flip angle = 7°; excitations = 1; slice thickness = 1 mm; field of view = 256 mm; resolution = 256 × 256 × 176; voxel size 1 × 1 × 1 mm; pixel bandwidth = 650 Hz.
Voxel-based morphometry volumetric/density analysis.

Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analyses were performed using the FSLVBM analysis pipeline in FSL (version 5.0.1) (http://fsl.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl/fslwiki/FSLVBM) following standard automated processing (Ashburner and Friston, 2000; Good et al., 2001), as in other publications (Depue et al., 2014; Gilman et al., 2014). Briefly, images were brain extracted and normalized to Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) standard space. Resulting images were averaged to create a study-specific template, to which native gray matter (GM) images were reregistered and modulated. The modulated segmented images were smoothed with an isotropic Gaussian kernel with a ? of 3, yielding a full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of 6.9 mm. The resulting subject-specific GM probability maps were input into a general linear model (GLM) to test for group differences between nonusers and daily marijuana users, controlling for intracranial volume (ICV). Two separate GLM analyses were performed to assess the following: (1) whole-brain GM volume/density; and (2) partial volume region of interest (ROI) using the bilateral nucleus accumbens, amygdala, hippocampi, and the cerebellum. Separate masks for each of these seven ROIs were created from the Harvard-Oxford Sub-Cortical Atlas. Multiple-comparison correction used voxelwise thresholding applied using the FSL Randomize permutation-based non-parametric testing with 5000 Monte Carlo simulations. Clusterwise extent correction using the FSL built-in cluster-based thresholding technique was applied with a threshold of t 2.3.

In addition, we extracted the volume for each of the ROIs; these values were entered into a multivariate GLM (SPSS version 21) to test for group differences, controlling for ICV.
FreeSurfer surface-based morphometry volumetric analysis.

Surface-based morphometry (SBM) analyses used FreeSurfer version 5.1 (https://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/) to perform cortical reconstruction and volumetric segmentation were similar to previous work (Gilman et al., 2014; Weiland et al., 2014). Briefly, these methods included motion correction, Talairach transformation, and segmentation and parcellation of cortical and subcortical structures (Dale et al., 1999; Fischl et al., 2004). The resulting subject-specific volume maps were input into GLM analyses to perform whole-brain analyses testing for group differences between nonusers and daily marijuana users, controlling for ICV. To correct for multiple comparisons, p-maps were thresholded to yield an expected false discovery rate of 5% (Genovese et al., 2002). Next, ROI analyses used FreeSurfer output data for bilateral nucleus accumbens, amygdala, hippocampi, and cerebellum. These volumes were entered into a GLM to test for group differences while controlling for ICV.

Finally, FreeSurfer outputs volumetric data for 35 cortical structures per hemisphere, as well as right and left thalamus, pallidum, and the a priori structures tested in the ROI analyses (i.e., nucleus accumbens, amygdala, hippocampus, and cerebellum). Volumes of all 82 structures were entered into a multivariate GLM to test for the group effect on any structure with ICV as a covariate.
FIRST shape analysis.

Shape analyses were performed using the FSL (version 5.0.1) FIRST toolbox, as in other studies (Depue and Banich, 2012; Depue et al., 2014; Gilman et al., 2014). Briefly, shape models in FIRST are constructed from a library of manually segmented images. FIRST searches for the most probable shape instance given the observed intensities from input images. Segmentation was performed with two-stage transformation to MNI space (Woolrich et al., 2009) with boundary voxels thresholded at 6.9 mm FWHM for bilateral nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and hippocampi (FIRST does not currently provide a shape model for the cerebellum). Permutation testing used FSL Randomize with 5000 Monte Carlo simulations to test for group differences in shape, correcting for multiple vertex comparisons. Clusterwise extent correction was applied, with a threshold of F 3.0.
Evaluation of effect sizes from recently published papers.

Finally, we sought to compare our study to other recent studies in the literature. We evaluated the articles listed in the recent review by Lorenzetti et al. (2014) and, where volumetric means were available, calculated effect sizes as Cohen's d (Cohen, 1988) for the accumbens, amygdala, hippocampus, and cerebellum.
Previous Section
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Results
Participants

Nonusers and daily marijuana users were nearly identical in terms of age and AUDIT scores, with no significant differences on other measures of comorbid alcohol and tobacco use, depression, anxiety, impulsivity, sensation

ECCO CAVATELA COSI COGLIONE,PERCHE NON POSTI LO STUDIO DI HARVARD?QUI SI E' CHIESTO DI PARLARE DELLA HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL E TU CONTINUI A SCAPPARE TROVANDO SCUSE IDIOTE PERCHE SAI GIA CHE SE NE PARLIAMO TI FAI MALE DA SOLO,QUINDI MEGLIO GIRARE LA FRITTATA,MA SCUSA HAI POSTATO PER ANNI LO STUDIO DI HARVARD E ADESSO CAMBI STRATEGIA E LO FAI SPARIRE,QUESTA E' LA PROVA CHE SEI UN VENDITORE DI ARIA FRITTA


PARLIAMO DI HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL FIGLIO DI PUTTANA ALTRO CHE MI DISPIACE,NON SCAPPARE NON DI DISPIACERE,PARLIAMONE SCAFISTA DI MERDA

Mi dispiace , ma non posso deludere il tuo sodale W3C_Freedom .

O ci dai il numero di protocollo oppure non possiamo prendere nulla in considerazione.

.... Lex, dura lex, sed lex.

Intanto, leggiamo .....

The Journal of Neuroscience, April 16, 2014 • 34(16):5529 –5538 • 5529

Neurobiology of Disease

Cannabis Use is Quantitatively Associated with Nucleus Accumbens and Amygdala (ndr ..è una parte del cervello che gestisce le emozioni ed in particolar modo la paura[1]. ) Abnormalities in Young Adult Recreational Users

Jodi M. Gilman,1,4,5 John K. Kuster,1,2* Sang Lee,1,6* Myung Joo Lee,1,6* Byoung Woo Kim,1,6 Nikos Makris,3,5 Andre van der Kouwe,4,5 Anne J. Blood,1,2,4,5† and Hans C. Breiter1,2,4,6†?1Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, 2Mood and Motor Control Laboratory, 3Center for Morphometric Analysis, Department of Psychiatry, and 4Athinoula A. Martinos Center in Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, 5Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and 6Warren Wright Adolescent Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 06011

Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug in the United States, but little is known about its effects on the human brain, particularly on reward/aversion regions implicated in addiction, such as the nucleus accumbens and amygdala. Animal studies show structural changes in brain regions such as the nucleus accumbens after exposure to ????9-tetrahydrocannabinol, but less is known about cannabis use and brain morphometry in these regions in humans.

We collected high-resolution MRI scans on young adult recreational marijuana users and nonusing controls and conducted three independent analyses of morphometry in these structures: (1) gray matter density using voxel-based morphometry, (2) volume (total brain and regional volumes), and (3) shape (surface morphometry).

Gray matter density analyses revealed greater gray matter density in marijuana users than in control participants in the left nucleus accumbens extending to subcallosal cortex, hypothalamus, sublenticular extended amygdala, and left amygdala, even after controlling for age, sex, alcohol use, and cigarette smoking. Trend-level effects were observed for a volume increase in the left nucleus accumbens only. Significant shape differences were detected in the left nucleus accumbens and right amygdala.

The left nucleus accumbens showed salient exposure- dependent alterations across all three measures and an altered multimodal relationship across measures in the marijuana group.
These data suggest that marijuana exposure, even in young recreational users, is associated with exposure-dependent alterations of the neural matrix of core reward structures and is consistent with animal studies of changes in dendritic arborization.

.......

This work was supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (Grants 14118, 026002, 026104, and 027804 to H.C.B. and Grant 034093 to J.M.G.), the Office of National Drug Control Policy, Counterdrug Technology Assessment Center (Grants DABK39-03-0098 and DABK39-03-C-0098), and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (Grant 052368 to A.J.B.). H.C.B. was also supported by the Warren Wright Adolescent Center at Northwestern Memorial Hospital and Northwestern University, Chicago. J.M.G. was supported by a Harvard Medical School Norman E. Zinberg Fellowship in Addiction Psychiatry Research.

The authors declare no competing financial interests.?

P.s. Riporto altri dati ponendo il dilemma : che siano i numeri di protocollo ?

DOI:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4745-13.2014?
Copyright © 2014 the authors 0270-6474/14/345529-10

HAI SOLO DA USARE GOOGLE FIGLIO DI PUTTANA E TI VAI A SCARICARE QUELLO COPIATO E INCOLLATO QUI SOTTO,TRA L'ALTRO SPESSO CITO FONTI E AUTORI

NON GIRIAMO LA FRITTATA PARLIAMO DI HARVARD COGLIONE,COME MAI LO STESSO ISTITUTO CHE HA FATTO LO STUDIO CHE PROPONI DA ANNI L'HA SMENTITO CON STUDI DEL 2013 2014 E 2015 COME RIPORTATO SOTTO,COS'HAI DA DIRCI A RIGUARDO DEFICENTE?



PARLIAMO DI HARVARD FIGLIO DI PUTTANA

...ma di che cosa vuoi che parli? Del tuo chiacchiericcio ?

Secondo la 'legge' del tuo sodale W3C_Freedom, il tuo arrabattarti a copia/incollare,Starfighter , non ha base scientifica in quanto mancherebbe anche del .. numero di protocollo ! 

Alcuni passi della 'legge' succitata .

"... di tutto quello che dici , non c'è traccia, non è documentato per data, numero di protocollo, ricercatori..

Dunque le chiacchiere stanno a zero così come riportate da te, inoltre non è pubblicato un numero di telefono, linea fax, e-mail per contattare i ricercatori.

Ritorno col dirti che quello che hai scritto fino ad oggi e che continuerai a scrivere, non ha e non avra' alcun fondamento, finche' non ci saranno le ricerche documentate da poter leggere come files:

*.dbk; *.html; *.tex; *.texi; *.txt

o da poter ascoltare come files:

*.flac; *.ogg

o da poter vedere come files:

*.mkv; *.ogv; *.webm " . " 
--------------------------
Comunque, ribadisco il mio giudizio sul riportare da parte di Starfighter ampia documentazione critica sui tentativi di
' ..minimizzazione del problema delle droghe e favorevole alla loro liberalizzazione.',
a cui fa seguito il riporto di documentazione sugli effetti nulli delle stesse : 

ritengo la cosa ... pleonastica in quanto , nel leggere i commenti estemporanei dello stesso , al di là di qualsiasi studio scientifico o no, come si possono negare gli effetti deleteri sui neuroni da parte dell'erba magica ?

P.s. Nei pochi momenti in cui esci dal tuo mondo fatto di vaporizzatori e sative, fatto dire come pigiare il tasto ... sblocca maiuscole....

NON GIRIAMO LA FRITTATA PARLIAMO DI HARVARD COGLIONE,COME MAI LO STESSO ISTITUTO CHE HA FATTO LO STUDIO CHE PROPONI DA ANNI L'HA SMENTITO CON STUDI DEL 2013 2014 E 2015 COME RIPORTATO SOTTO,COS'HAI DA DIRCI A RIGUARDO DEFICENTE?

Secondo la 'legge' del tuo sodale W3C_Freedom, il tuo arrabattarti a copia/incollare Starfighter , non ha base scientifica in quanto mancherebbe anche del .. numero di protocollo !

Alcuni passi della 'legge' succitata .

"... di tutto quello che dici , non c'è traccia, non è documentato per data, numero di protocollo, ricercatori..

Dunque le chiacchiere stanno a zero così come riportate da te, inoltre non è pubblicato un numero di telefono, linea fax, e-mail per contattare i ricercatori.

Ritorno col dirti che quello che hai scritto fino ad oggi e che continuerai a scrivere, non ha e non avra' alcun fondamento, finche' non ci saranno le ricerche documentate da poter leggere come files:

*.dbk; *.html; *.tex; *.texi; *.txt

o da poter ascoltare come files:

*.flac; *.ogg

o da poter vedere come files:

*.mkv; *.ogv; *.webm " . "
--------------------------
Comunque, ribadisco il mio giudizio sul riportare da parte di Starfighter ampia documentazione critica sui tentativi di

' ..minimizzazione del problema delle droghe e favorevole alla loro liberalizzazione.'
e
documentazione sugli effetti nulli delle stesse :

ritengo la cosa ... pleonastica in quanto , nel leggere i commenti estemporanei dello stesso , al di là di qualsiasi studio scientifico o no, come si possono negare gli effetti deleteri sui neuroni da parte dell'erba magica ?

P.s. Nei pochi momenti in cui esci dal tuo mondo fatto di vaporizzatori e sative, fatto dire come pigiare il tasto ... sblocca maiuscole....

SE TU AVESSI UN MINIMO DI ORGOGLIO E DI DIGNITA',DOVRESTI ANDARTENE AFFANCULO VIA DA QUESTO FORUM PUNTO,SEI STATO SPUTTANATO,INSULTATO E UMILLIATO IN TUTTE LE FORME DA 10 ANNI,MA SEI MASOCHISTA CHE CONTINUI A VENIRE A MANGIARE MERDA SU ADUC?

VUOI PARLARE DI CANNABIS SENZA AVERE LE COMPETENZE,SENZA AVERLA MAI PROVATA,VUOI GUIDARE UNA FERRARI SENZA PATENTE,AVVENTURANDOTI SU TERRENI IMPERVI,TI DO UN CONSIGLIO LEVATI DAI COGLIONI,NON TI CREDE PIU NESSUNO SEI PEGGIO DEI TESTIMONI DI GEOVA FIGLIO DI PUTTANA,VAI A DERIDERE I MALATI DA UN ALTRA PARTE SCAFISTA VERME INFAME,PISCIATI ADDOSSO E SPARATI COGLIONE

@ENNIUS MERDUS VERMUS

"What is clear, though, is that cannabis use is not the cause of the illness. This view is shared by the authors of the latest study, which was published early August 2015"

ad harvard l'ultimo l'hanno pubblicato agli inizi di Agosto inpiu ci sono studi del 2013 e 2014 che lo smontano,ho detto di rispondere allo studio qui sotto con materiale del 2015 se no sei un coglione

JAMA Psychiatry. Published online August 26, 2015. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.1054

quindi io l'ultimo che ho postato e' di fine agosto 2015 tu invece figlio di puttana con cosa rispondi?non ti arrampicare sui vetri cefca di argomentare e riponderee su come mai Harvard Medical school ha smontato IL TUO STUDIO
SPAZZATURA CON 3 STUDI 2013 2014 E 2015

TI RICORDO BRUTTO FIGLIO DI PUTTANA CHE DR LESTER GREENSPOON E' UN PROFESSORE ASSOCIATO EMERITO DI PSICHIATRIA ALLA HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL DA TE CITATA 1000 VOLTE,QUINDI TROVATI ALTRI STUDI E NON CITARE PIU HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL,VISTO HANNO PUBBLICATO DECINE DI STUDI A FAVORE DELLA CAUSA E AD HARVARD I VERTICI SONO PROCANNABIS


PRESENTATI CON QUALCOSA DEL 2015 FIGLIO DI PUTTANA NON C'E' PIU SPAZIO PER LE TUE MENZOGNE



Shared Predisposition in the Association Between Cannabis Use and Subcortical Brain Structure

Importance Prior neuroimaging studies have suggested that alterations in brain structure may be a consequence of cannabis use. Siblings discordant for cannabis use offer an opportunity to use cross-sectional data to disentangle such causal hypotheses from shared effects of genetics and familial environment on brain structure and cannabis use.

Objectives To determine whether cannabis use is associated with differences in brain structure in a large sample of twins/siblings and to examine sibling pairs discordant for cannabis use to separate potential causal and predispositional factors linking lifetime cannabis exposure to volumetric alterations.

Design, Setting, and Participants Cross-sectional diagnostic interview, behavioral, and neuroimaging data were collected from community sampling and established family registries from August 2012 to September 2014. This study included data from 483 participants (22-35 years old) enrolled in the ongoing Human Connectome Project, with 262 participants reporting cannabis exposure (ie, ever used cannabis in their lifetime).

Main Outcomes and Measures Cannabis exposure was measured with the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism. Whole-brain, hippocampus, amygdala, ventral striatum, and orbitofrontal cortex volumes were related to lifetime cannabis use (ever used, age at onset, and frequency of use) using linear regressions. Genetic (?g) and environmental (?e) correlations between cannabis use and brain volumes were estimated. Linear mixed models were used to examine volume differences in sex-matched concordant unexposed (n?=?71 pairs), exposed (n?=?81 pairs), or exposure discordant (n?=?89 pairs) sibling pairs.

Results Among 483 study participants, cannabis exposure was related to smaller left amygdala (approximately 2.3%; P?=?.007) and right ventral striatum (approximately 3.5%; P?

Starfighter ha dichiarato...

19 agosto 2015 4:19 - Starfighter23
.....VOGLIAMO STUDI DEL 2015 SE NO NON SEI CREDIBILE IDIOTA.

per poi dirci che ..

"ECCOTI IL TUO STUDIO DI HARVARD SMONTATO DALLO STESSO ISTITUTO CHE LO HA FATTO CON 2 STUDI UNO DEL 2013 E UNO DEL 2014 ..."

Ora, dal momento che detti studi propostici non sono del 2015, che cos'é Starfighter se non un ... IDIOTA !

Facciamo uno sforzo e superiamo l'idiozia di Starfighter per chiarire altre cosette.

Starfighter ha dichiarato anche ...

' Senti ho 40 anni e ho consumato cannabis da quando ho 14 anni ....'' .
---------------------------

In relazione a quanto sopra, uno dei capi della ricerca, riportata da Starfighter , cosa ci dice ?

'.. Terrie Moffit, professor of psychiatry at King’s College London, commented to the BBC:
“It is such a special study that I’m fairly confident that cannabis is safe for over-18 brains, but risky for under-18 brains.”.
------------------
Prendiamola per buona; per cui la conclusione a cui si arriva é: dal momento che Starfighter l'ha assunta prima del 18 anno di età, ha evidentemente corso dei rischi .

Riporto un mio precedente commento aggiornandolo ad oggi...

l fatto che Starfighter riporti ampia documentazione critica sui tentativi di
' ..minimizzazione del problema delle droghe e favorevole alla loro liberalizzazione.'
e
documentazione sugli effetti nulli delle stesse ,

ritengo la cosa ... pleonastica in quanto , nel leggere i commenti estemporanei dello stesso , al di là di qualsiasi studio scientifico o no, come si possono negare gli effetti deleteri sui neuroni da parte dell'erba magica ?

P.s. Nei pochi momenti in cui esci dal tuo mondo fatto di vaporizzatori e sative, fatto dire come pigiare il tasto ... sblocca maiuscole....

@ENNIO

ECCOTI IL TUO STUDIO DI HARVARD SMONTATO DALLO STESSO ISTITUTO CHE LO HA FATTO CON 2 STUDI UNO DEL 2013 E UNO DEL 2014 E NON TROVARE SCUSE CHE NON RIESCI A LEGGERE PERCHE' E' UN COPIA E INCOLLA KILOMETRICO,IMPARA A LEGGERE AL POSTO DI LAMENMTARTI LATRINA PUBBLICA SCAFISTA DI MERDA,QUESTA E' LA PROVA CHE TI PRESENTI SOLO CON STUDI FALSI PUNTUALMENTE SMENTITI DAGLI STESSI CHE LI FATTO,QUINDI METTITI COMODO E COMINCIA A SUCCHIARMELO LURIDO SERVO DI COMUNIONE E LIBERAZIONE


This research confirms the findings of the reputable Harvard University from 2013: cannabis use does not have any impact on the size of the brain.

In the Harvard study, 22 heavy users of cannabis, who in total had smoked an average 20,100 bags of cannabis in their lives, were compared to 26 non-smokers of cannabis. No differences were observed between the two groups with regard to the volume of the white matter of the brain, the cerebrospinal fluid, or the left or right hippocampus. The authors concluded that “these findings are in line with the latest literature with regards to the fact that there is no link between cannabis use and structural changes in the brain as a whole or in the hippocampus.”


In 2014, the well-reputed Harvard Medical School published a study in which they concluded that schizophrenia is a hereditary illness, and is not linked to the use of cannabis. The research concluded that “in summary, we conclude that cannabis does not cause psychosis by itself.” In genetically vulnerable individuals, cannabis can impact the onset, severity and outcome of the illness. More research is therefore needed in this regard. What is clear, though, is that cannabis use is not the cause of the illness. This view is shared by the authors of the latest study, which was published early August 2015. In their results they state that “teen marijuana use by adolescents is not linked to psychoses, cancer or other health problems.


QUESTO SAREBBE IL TUO STUDIO CON CUI SPAMMI DA ANNI TI CONVIENE TROVARTI QUALCOSA DI NUOVO PERCHE NON SEI CREDIBILE LURIDO FIGLIO DI PUTTANA

Harvard Medical School 16/04/2014

' Nello studio, pubblicato sul Journal of Neurosciences, le persone che avevano usato cannabis una o due volte la settimana anche per pochi mesi, sono state trovate avere cambiamenti nelle zone del cervello che regolano le emozioni, la motivazione e la dipendenza.

I ricercatori della Harvard Medical School hanno effettuate scansioni 3D dettagliate sul cervello ....

Due sezioni principali del cervello sono risultate essere colpite. Ovviamente, più alto il consumo di cannabis dei soggetti dello studio, maggiori le anomalie cerebrali su migliaia di soggetti .

... non posso accontentarti in quanto arrischierei di incontrarti.

E la mia capacità di resistere alle tue prolisse affabulazioni non è infinita.

Cheppalle!
Ma perché non te ne vai lì dove ti consiglierebbe un comico genovese di cui non ricordi il nome.

Quando si leggono i contenuti di Starfighter , al di là di qualsiasi studio scientifico o no, come si possono negare gli effetti deleteri sui neuroni da parte dell'erba magica ?

P.s. Nei pochi momenti in cui esci dal tuo mondo fatto di vaporizzatori e sative, fatto dire come pigiare il tasto ... sblocca maiuscole....

UEI PICCOLO MUCCIOLI CAPISCO CHE LE COMUNITA' DI RECUPERO SIANO IN CRISI PERCHE L'EROINA NON SE LA INCULA PIU NESSUNO,MA ONESTAMENTE CHI VUOI CHE ASCOLTI UNO PSICHIATRA FALLITO COME TE CHE VIENE QUI A RAPPRESENTARE QUESTI LUOGHI DI SCIACALLAGGIO E PROPAGANDA,GESTITI DA ASSASSINI CRIMINALI MAESTRI DI EVASIONE FISCALE COME I MUCCIOLI,QUINDI TORNA A FARE LA PREDICA ALLE FAMIGLIE DEI TOSSICI CHE FORSE SONO LE UNICHE CHE TI POSSANO DARE RETTA

Quando si leggono i contenuti di Starfighter, al di là di qualsiasi studio scientifico o no, come si possono negare gli effetti deleteri sui neuroni da parte dell'erba magica ?

SEI UN MORTO CHE CAMMINA MUCCIOLENNIO DECIDERANNO IN PARLAMENTO IL GIORNO DELLA TUA MORTE,TU CONTINUA A PULIRTI IL CULO CON I TUOI STUDI FAKE COMMISSIONATI DA LOBBY ANTICANNABIS,VAI DAVANTI A UNA SPECCHIERA GUARDALA E PISCIATI ADDOSSO,VERME DI MERDA

Cannabis... droga leggera ....

"La Cannabis triplica gli incidenti mortali sulle strade .

Incidenti mortali che coinvolgono l’uso di marijuana sono triplicati nell’ultimo decennio, lo sostengono i ricercatori in Rapporto elaborato dalla Mailman School of Public Health della Columbia University.

Chi assume marijuana guida più o meno allo stesso modo di chi ha abusato di alcol, ha spiegato Jonathan Adkins, vice direttore esecutivo dell’Associazione Governors Highway Safety. Si altera la capacita’ di giudizio, riduce la vista e rende una persona più distratta e con più probabilità di correre rischi durante la guida.

I risultati sono stati pubblicati on-line il 29 gennaio scorso nell’American Journal of Epidemiology.

Il team di ricerca ha tratto le sue conclusioni dalle statistiche sugli incidenti provenienti da sei Stati che abitualmente eseguono test tossicologici su conducenti coinvolti in relitti stradali mortali – California, Hawaii, Illinois, New Hampshire, Rhode Island e West Virginia. Le statistiche comprendono oltre 23.500 di conducenti deceduti entro un’ora da un incidente nel periodo compreso tra il 1999 ed il 2010. "

@vincenzo
Ne avevamo parlato, purtroppo si è avverato; tante belle potenziali e costruttive discussioni andate a puttane, ma che aspetti?

Esce dalla sua tana affumicata la sera per ululare contro ombre autoprodotte da neuroni THC modificati .

Nulla di nuovo sotto... la luna .

" Passando non senza esitazioni dalla teoria alla pratica, Jekyll miscela varie sostanze ed ottiene una pozione dagli effetti straordinari. Essa destruttura l'unità dell'essere umano e conferisce esistenza propria e distinta alle inclinazioni nascoste ma presenti nell'animo..."

tanto da assumere una seconda identità rivolta ..

" .. alla propria soddisfazione sadica, egoistica, sfrenata, selvaggia e asociale." .

"Mi aspetto un tuo usuale assennato, razionale, equilibrato commento"

EHI COGLIONE MUCCIOLENNIO VAI IN CHIESA A SODOMIZZARE I MINORENNI CON I TUOI AMICI PARROCHI,QUANDO HAI FINITO PUOI TORNARE A LAVARE IL CULO DEI TOSSICI IN COMUNITA',LURIDO PISCIATURO,PSICHIATRA FALLITO,SERVO DI COMUNIONE E LIBERAZIONE

..ah starfighter,

che l'erba magica possa restringere la massa cerebrale , tu stesso ce ne hai fornito un esempio pubblicando la dinamica del suo volume riferita alla tua persona.

Osserva : poca all'inizio quando eri infante.
Aumento con lo sviluppo dell'adolescenza con blocco improvviso della sua crescita.

Poi un continuo ritrarsi per ritornare all'età puerile da addebitarsi probabilmente al consumo di erbe magiche ( .. se non quelle a che cosa dobbiamo pensare ? ) come la ricerca scientifica ha riportato.

Da Aduc massa cerebrale
USA - Uso di marijuana puo' far ridurre la massa cerebrale.

. "E' una ricerca complessa e interessante che mostra come l'utilizzo frequente di marijuana, soprattutto in giovane eta', ha significative conseguenze negative sul cervello", ha sottolineato Weiss, precisando che tali risultati rappresentano una sfida alla convinzione diffusa che la cannabis sia una droga innocua. ....."


Mi aspetto un tuo usuale assennato, razionale, equilibrato commento.

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TRANQUILLO IL BELLO DEVE ANCORA ARRIVARE SIAMO SOLO ALL'INIZIO,CONTINUA A METTERE IN DUBBIO LA MIA DISABILITA' FIGLIO DI PUTTANA

Questo personaggio ci racconta che ne fa uso fin dall'etá di 14 anni per far fronte alla sua malattia: pensate già a 14 anni aveva capito che la migliore cura non poteva essere solo che l'erba magica ( .. che genio ! ) e che, da sofferente qual è (???), mi lancia questo sobrio avviso ' .. non potrai mai goderti i piaceri della cannabis..'. 

Se di malattia si tratta, tutto lascia pensare che essa sia la conseguenza del consumo d pattume ... erboristico

Datti una calmata con la ... valeriana ...

"I tentativi di Starfighter, al pari di altri suoi cloni, di pretendere la cacciata del sottoscritto dal forum, dimostra quanto proibizionismo vero esista in questi antiproibizionisti di facciata."

VEDREMO COSA HANNO DA DIRE I VERTICI DI ADUC RIGUARDO LO SPAM IL DERIDERE I MALATI E LA MERDA CHE TU PRODUCI OGNI GIORNO,VERRA FATTA UNA LETTERA SU SOSONLINE E VEDIAMO SE STA STORIA DEVE CONTINUARE,TORNA A PULIRE IL CULO AI TOSSICI IN COMUNITA PSICHIATRA FALLITO